August 1, 2006

Dear Members of Congress:

The United States has made great strides by relying on science to inform our decision making. Science helped us travel to the moon; advance medicine and health; and understand the complex web of life on land and in rivers, lakes, and oceans. Science has also opened our eyes to the workings of forests and provided blueprints for federal plans to better protect the abundant natural resources of our public lands.

When we, as scientists, see policies being developed that run counter to the lessons of science, we feel compelled to speak up. Proposed post-disturbance legislation (specifically the Forest Emergency Recovery and Research Act [HR 4200] and the related Forests for Future Generations Act [S. 2079]), crafted as a response to recent fires and other disturbances, is misguided because it distorts or ignores recent scientific advances. Under the labels of “recovery” and “restoration,” these bills would speed logging and replanting after natural disturbances.

Although logging and replanting may seem like a reasonable way to clean up and restore forests after disturbances like wildland fires, such activity would actually slow the natural recovery of forests and of streams and creatures within them. Many scientist-reviewed studies and syntheses (please see the selected citations appended to this letter) have recently come to this conclusion. For example, no substantive evidence supports the idea that fire-adapted forests might be improved by logging after a fire. In fact, many carefully conducted studies have concluded just the opposite. Most plants and animals in these forests are adapted to periodic fires and other natural disturbances. They have a remarkable way of recovering?literally rising from the ashes?because they have evolved with and even depend upon fire.

We are concerned that HR 4200 and S. 2079 will bind us to land management practices that, perhaps logical in the past, are no longer tenable in the light of recent scientific understanding. Specifically, post-disturbance logging impedes regeneration of forest landscapes when it compacts soils, removes or destroys so-called biological legacies (such as soil organic material, seeds in the soil, large standing and downed trees), damages riparian corridors, introduces or spreads invasive species, causes erosion, delivers sediment to streams from logging roads and steep slopes, degrades water quality, and damages populations of many aquatic species. In testimony before the House Subcommittee on Resources (November 10, 2005), eminent forest ecologist and University of Washington Professor Jerry Franklin noted that logging dead trees often has greater negative impacts than logging of live trees. He concluded that “timber salvage is most appropriately viewed as a ‘tax’ on ecological recovery.”

Beyond those concerns, post-disturbance logging often intensifies the potential severity of future fires by concentrating the slash from logging at or near the ground. Rather than leaving plant material standing?and providing perching, nesting, and feeding sites for wildlife?such logging abruptly moves the material to the ground. Most of this material would naturally fall to the ground, adding important supplies of nutrients and energy to the forest floor and structure in the form of woody debris to stream channels. But this naturally happens over decades, not in the relatively short time associated with a logging operation. Advocates of post-disturbance logging may argue that this slash can be disposed of with controlled burns and other treatments. Yet such treatments can severely damage underlying soils, imposing other taxes on natural recovery.

One additional tax concerns us. Postfire logging taxes the public treasury. Recent analysis of postfire logging operations after Oregon’s Biscuit fire of 2002 shows that costs of the logging operations exceeded revenue by about $14 million for logging that removed more than 53 million board feet of timber (DellaSala et al. 2006).

Science provides the best insight into the real consequences of our policies and actions. Ironically, this legislation is crafted to ignore the science by waiving environmental reviews, reviews that would make use of the scientific knowledge often available only because of expenditures of public funds. Failure to conduct full environmental reviews informed by that science will inevitably lead to ecological and economic harm from post-disturbance logging.

In short, neither ecological benefits nor economic efficiency result from post-disturbance logging. We therefore urge you to defeat these legislative efforts because they will set back forest recovery. We urge you to work with your fellow lawmakers to craft legislation that will rely on the most up-to-date scientific knowledge to protect the natural resources of the nation’s public lands.

Sincerely,*


Isabella A. Abbott, Ph.D.
Wilder Professor of Botany, Emerita
University of Hawaii at Manoa
Honolulu, Hawaii

Margaret Adam
Wildlife Biologist
Twentynine Palms, California

Anurag Agrawal
Associate Professor
Department of Ecology and
Evolutionary Biology
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York

Paul Alaback, Ph.D.
Forest Ecologist
University of Montana
Missoula, Montana

Matthew Albrecht
Ph.D. Candidate, Forest Ecologist
Environmental and Plant Biology
Ohio University
Athens, Ohio
Christopher B. Allen
Research Associate, Silviculture
School of Renewable Natural Resources
Louisiana State University Agricultural Center Baton Rouge, Louisiana

William S. Alverson, Ph.D.
Conservation Ecologist, ECP
Field Museum of Natural History
Chicago, Illinois

Richard F. Ambrose, Ph.D.
Professor, Environmental Science and Engineering Program
University of California
Los Angeles, California

Loren Ammerman, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor of Biology
Angelo State University
San Angelo, Texas

James P. Amon, Ph.D.
Professor, Wetland Biologist
Department of Biological Sciences
Wright State University
Dayton, Ohio

Thomas H. Anderson, Ph.D.
Professor, Geology and Planetary Science
University of Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

William D. Anderson, Jr., Ph.D.
Professor Emeritus
Grice Marine Biological Laboratory
College of Charleston
Charleston, South Carolina

Robert Angus, Ph.D.
Professor of Biology
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, Alabama

Joseph E. Armstrong, Ph.D.
Professor of Botany
Illinois State University
Normal, Illinois

Julian D. Avery
Avian Ecologist
Eastern New Mexico University
Portales, New Mexico

Laura Backus
Professional Wetland Scientist
Wildlands Restoration Volunteers
Boulder, Colorado

Ken Bagstad
Graduate Research Assistant
Ph.D. Program in
Natural Resources/Ecological Economics
University of Vermont
Burlington, Vermont

Dirk V. Baker
Ph.D. Candidate
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado

Richard G. Baker, Ph. D.
Professor Emeritus
Department of Geoscience
University of Iowa
Iowa City, Iowa
Richard H. Baker, Ph.D.
Professor Emeritus
Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory
University of Florida
Vero Beach, Florida

William L. Baker, Ph.D.
Department of Geography
University of Wyoming
Laramie, Wyoming

Bruce G. Baldwin, Ph.D.
Professor, Integrative Biology
Curator, Jepson Herbarium
University of California
Berkeley, California

Andy Baltensperger
M.S. Candidate
Department of Fishery and Wildlife Biology
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado

Mark Bamberger, Ph.D.
Professor, Geology and Environmental Sciences
Miami University, The Union Institute and University, and Capital University
Ohio

Raymond Barbehenn, Ph.D.
Associate Research Scientist
Department of Ecology and
Evolutionary Biology
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan

Shannon Barber-Meyer
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
La Jolla, California

Keith Barnes
Ecologist
Boise State University
Boise, Idaho

Linda Sue Barnes, Ph.D.
Professor, Biology (specialty Botany)
Methodist College
Fayetteville, North Carolina

Frank Barnwell, Ph.D.
Professor, Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior
University of Minnesota
St. Paul, Minnesota
James Barron, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor of Biology
Department of Biological and
Physical Sciences
Montana State University - Billings
Billings, Montana

Paul E. Bartelt, Ph.D.
Department of Biology
Waldorf College
Forest City, Iowa

Andrew M. Barton, Ph.D.
Forest Ecologist
Associate Professor of Biology
University of Maine at Farmington
Farmington, Maine

Joe Bartoszek
Environmental Specialist
Division of Surface Water, Water Quality Unit Ohio Environmental Protection Agency
Dayton, Ohio

Carol J. Baskauf, Ph.D.
Professor of Biology
Austin Peay State University
Clarksville, Tennessee

Gordon Becker, M.S.
Senior Scientist
Center for Ecosystem Management and Restoration
Oakland, California

Peter Bednekoff, D.Phil.
Associate Professor of Biology
Eastern Michigan University
Ypsilanti, Michigan

James Beets
Chair, Marine Science Department
University of Hawaii-Hilo
Hilo, Hawaii

Paul Beier, Ph.D.
Professor, School of Forestry
Northern Arizona University
Flagstaff, Arizona

Michael A. Bell, Ph.D.
Department of Ecology and Evolution
Stony Brook University
Stony Brook, New York
Tom Bell
Retired biology teacher
Grey Cloud Island
Saint Paul Park, Minnesota

Craig W. Benkman, Ph.D.
Professor, Zoology and Physiology
University of Wyoming
Laramie, Wyoming

T.W. Bennett, Jr.,
Distinguished Professor Emeritus, Sciences
University of Southern Mississippi
Hattiesburg, Mississippi

David H. Benzing, Ph.D.
Professor of Biology
Oberlin College
Oberlin, Ohio

May R. Berenbaum, Ph.D.
Swanlund Professor and Head
Department of Entomology
University of Illinois
Urbana, Illinois

David J. Berg, Ph.D.
Professor, Department of Zoology
Miami University
Oxford, Ohio

Brad Bergstrom, Ph.D.
Professor of Biology
Valdosta State University
Valdosta, Georgia

Carolyn Bergstrom, Ph.D.
Post-Doctoral Fellow
Bamfield Marine Science Center
British Columbia, Canada

Robert L. Beschta, Ph.D.
Emeritus Professor, Forest Hydrology
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon

Alfred Beulig, Ph.D.
Professor, Biology
New College of Florida
Sarasota, Florida




Charles Birkeland, Ph.D.
Adjunct Professor
Department of Zoology
University of Hawaii
Honolulu, Hawaii

John G. Bishop, Ph.D.
Associate Professor, Biology
Washington State University
Vancouver, Washington

Norman A. Bishop
Retired Resources Interpreter
National Park Service
Bozeman, Montana

Scott Hoffman Black
Ecologist/Entomologist
Executive Director
Portland, Oregon

Robert Blaisdell, Ph.D.
Rangeland Ecologist (Retired)
Bayfield, Colorado

David E. Blockstein, Ph.D.
Chair, The Ornithological Council
Washington, District of Columbia

Jessica Blois
Ph.D. Candidate
Department of Biological Sciences
Stanford University
Stanford, California

Michael H. Blust, Ph.D.
Professor, Biology
Green Mountain College
Poultney, Vermont

Jane H. Bock, Ph.D.
Professor Emerita
Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
University of Colorado
Boulder, Colorado

P. Dee Boersma, Ph.D.
Wadsworth Endowed Chair in Conservation Science, Professor
Department of Biology
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington


Stephanie Bohlman, Ph.D.
Research Scientist
Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Princeton University
Princeton, New Jersey

Jennifer Boisvert
Research Biologist
ABR, Inc. - Environmental Research & Services
Anchorage, Alaska

Stephen K. Boss, Ph.D.
Director, Environmental Dynamics Program
Department of Geosciences
University of Arkansas
Fayetteville, Arkansas

Reed Bowman, Ph.D.
Associate Research Biologist
Head, Avian Ecology Lab
Archbold Biological Station
Lake Placid, Florida

Richard L. Boyce, Ph.D.
Associate Professor, Forest Ecologist
Northern Kentucky University
Highland Heights, Kentucky

David Barton Bray, Ph.D.
Department of Environmental Studies
Florida International University
Miami, Florida

Richard A. Bradley, Ph.D.
Associate Professor, Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology
Ohio State University
Marion, Ohio

Steven W. Brewer, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor of Plant Ecology
University of North Carolina Wilmington
Wilmington, North Carolina

Martin R. Brittan, Ph.D.
Professor of Biological Sciences, Emeritus California State University, Sacramento
Sacramento, California

William R. Bromer, Ph.D.
Professor, Biology and Environmental Science
University of St. Francis
Joliet, Illinois

Lincoln P. Brower, Ph.D.
Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus Zoology
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida

David Brown, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor
Department of Biology and
Environmental Science
Marietta College
Marietta, Ohio

Greg Brown, Ph.D.
Professor, Natural Resource Management
Green Mountain College
Poultney, Vermont

Jeremy M. Brown
Ph.D. Candidate in Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior
The University of Texas at Austin
Austin, Texas

Joyce Marie Brown
EPA STAR Fellow, BGSA President
Ph.D. Student of Conservation Biology
University of Central Florida
Orlando, Florida

Ken Brown, Ph.D.
Professor of Biological Sciences
Louisiana State University
Baton Rouge, Louisiana

Milford Brown, Ph.D.
Plant Biochemist/Physiologist (Retired)
U.S. Department of Agriculture

Sharon T. Brown
Wildlife Biologist
Beavers: Wetlands and Wildlife Inc.
Dolgeville, New York

Kurt Brownell
Natural Resource Specialist
St. Paul District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Mississippi River Natural Resource Project
La Crescent, Minnesota

Deborah Buitron, Ph.D.
Research Associate, Biology
North Dakota State University
Fargo, North Dakota
Abel Bult-Ito, Ph.D.
Associate Professor, Biology
Institute of Arctic Biology
University of Alaska Fairbanks
Fairbanks, Alaska

Tom Bultman, Ph.D.
Biology Department
Hope College
Holland, Michigan

Noel M. Burkhead
Fish Biologist
USGS
Gainesville, Florida

Robyn J. Burnham, Ph.D.
Associate Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and
Curator of Paleontology
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan

George S. Bush
Soil Scientist
Port Townsend, Washington

Ramona J. Butz
Ph.D Candidate, Ecology
University of California, Davis
Davis, California

James Byers, Ph.D.
Associate Professor, Zoology
University of New Hampshire
Durham, New Hampshire

Bernard H. Byrnes, Ph.D.
Soil Science
Wild South
Moulton, Alabama

Diane Campbell, Ph.D.
Professor, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
University of California
Irvine, California

Philip D. Cantino, Ph.D.
Professor
Department of Environmental and Plant Biology
Ohio University
Athens, Ohio


Ken Carloni, Ph.D.
Forest Ecologist
Umpqua Community College
Roseburg, Oregon

Gary Carnefix, M.S.
Research Associate
Pacific Rivers Council
Polson, Montana

John L. Carr, Ph.D.
Associate Professor, Biology
University of Louisiana at Monroe
Monroe, Louisiana

C. Ronald Carroll, Ph.D.
Professor, Institute of Ecology
Co-Director for Science, River Basin Center
University of Georgia
Athens, Georgia

Bobb Carson, Ph.D.
Professor- and Dean-Emeritus
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences
College of Arts and Sciences
Lehigh University
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania

Kefyn M. Catley, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor, Spider Biology
Vanderbilt University
Nashville, Tennessee

Christopher Chabot, Ph.D.
Professor, Biology
Plymouth State University
Plymouth, New Hampshire

Kai M. A. Chan, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor
Institute for Resources,
Environment and Sustainability
University of British Columbia
Vancouver, British Columbia

F. Stuart Chapin, III, Ph.D.
Ecosystem Ecologist
Institute of Arctic Biology
University of Alaska Fairbanks
Fairbanks, Alaska



Robin L. Chazdon, Ph.D.
Professor
Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology
University of Connecticut
Storrs, Connecticut

Anita F. Cholewa, Ph.D.
Botany, M.S. Forest Ecology
Blaine, Minnesota

David Christophel, Ph.D.
Professor of Botany
Director of the Arboretum
University of Denver
Denver, Colorado.

Barbara J. Clement, Ph.D.
Associate Professor of Biology
Doane College
Crete, Nebraska

Robert C. Clover, Ph.D.
Ecology (Retired)
California State University, Long Beach
Long Beach, California

Robert Coats, Ph.D.
Forest Hydrologist
University of California, Davis
Davis, California

Bruce E. Coblentz, Ph.D.
Professor of Wildlife Ecology
Department of Fisheries and Wildlife
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon

Martin L. Cody, Ph.D.
Professor, Biology
University of California Los Angeles
Los Angeles, California

William J. Cohen, Ph.D. Senior Lecturer Department of Community and
Regional Planning
Temple University Ambler, Pennsylvania

Robert K. Colwell, Ph.D.
Board of Trustees Distinguished Professor
Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
University of Connecticut
Storrs, Connecticut
Marty Condon, Ph.D.
Associate Professor
Department of Biology
Cornell College
Mount Vernon, Iowa

Laura E. Conkey, Ph.D.
Associate Professor, Geography
Dartmouth College
Hanover, New Hampshire

Ian M. Cooke, Ph.D.
Professor, Zoology
University of Hawaii
Honolulu, Hawaii

Clay E. Corbin, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor, Biology
Biological and Allied Health Sciences
Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania

John Costello, Ph.D.
Professor, Biology Department
Providence College
Providence, Rhode Island

Bruce C. Cowell, Ph.D.
Professor of Biology (Retired)
University of South Florida
Tampa, Florida

Joel Cracraft
Lamont Curator and Curator-in-Charge
Department of Ornithology
American Museum of Natural History
New York, New York

Lance Craighead, Ph.D.
Executive Director
Craighead Environmental Research Institute
Bozeman, Montana

T. Patrick Culbert, Ph.D.
Professor Emeritus
Department of Anthropology
University of Arizona
Santa Fe, New Mexico

David A. Culver, Ph.D.
Professor, Evolution, Ecology and
Organismal Biology
The Ohio State University
Columbus, Ohio

Amanda Curtin, Ph.D.
Postdoctoral Fellow/Higher Education
Learning Specialist
Department of Biology/
Academic Resource Center
Duke University
Durham, North Carolina

Sally Dahir
Forest Health Specialist
Department of Natural Resources
Madison, Wisconsin

Pete David, M.S.
Wildlife Biologist
Ecosystem Management, Inc.
Albuquerque, New Mexico

Ana Davidson, Ph.D.
Postdoctoral Research Associate
Department of Biology
University of New Mexico
Albuquerque, New Mexico

Paul Dayton, Ph.D.
Professor of Marine Ecology
University of California, San Diego
La Jolla, California

Amrita G. de Soyza, Ph.D.
Senior Ecologist
University of Nevada Reno
Reno, Nevada

James E. Deacon, Ph.D.
Distinguished Professor Emeritus
Department of Environmental Studies and Biology
University of Nevada Las Vegas
Las Vegas, Nevada

D. Robert Deal, Ph.D.
Professor, Plant Biology
Shawnee State University
Portsmouth, Ohio

Kelly Decker, Ph.D.
Research Faculty
Division of Science and Public Policy
California State University - Monterey Bay
Seaside, California



Kevin J. Delaney, Ph.D.
Plant Ecophysiology
Visiting Assistant Professor in Biology
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington

Dominick A. DellaSala, Ph.D.
Forest Ecologist
World Wildlife Fund
Ashland, Oregon

Thomas H. DeLuca, Ph.D.
Professor, Forest Soils
University of Montana
Missoula, Montana

Saara J. DeWalt, Ph.D.
Plant Ecologist
Assistant Professor, Biological Sciences
Clemson University
Clemson, South Carolina

David S. Dobkin, Ph.D.
Senior Ecologist
High Desert Ecological Research Institute
Bend, Oregon

Dana E. Dolsen, M.S.
Forest Science
Holladay, Utah

Richard J. Douglass, Ph.D.
Department of Biology
Montana Tech of the University of Montana
Butte, Montana

Craig C. Downer
Wildlife Ecologist
Andean Tapir Fund
Minden, Nevada

Jean Dubach, Ph.D.
Population Genetics
Department of Conservation Science
Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield Zoo
Brookfield, Illinois

Tom Dudley, Ph.D.
Marine Science Institute
University of California
Santa Barbara, California
Natural Resource and Environmental Sciences
University of Nevada
Reno, Nevada
R. Scot Duncan, Ph.D.
Restoration Ecologist
Birmingham-Southern College
Birmingham, Alabama

Peter W. Dunwiddie, Ph.D.
Affiliate Professor, Biology
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington

Phillip Dustan, Ph.D. FLS
Marine Ecologist
Department of Biology
College of Charleston
Charleston, South Carolina

L. L. Eberhardt, Ph.D.
Retired from Battelle-Northwest
Affiliate Professor
Washington State University
Montana State University

Vincent M. Eckhart, Ph.D.
Associate Professor of Biology
Grinnell College
Grinnell, Iowa

Thomas Egan
Senior Ecologist
AMEC Earth and Environmental and Conservation Chair
Mojave Chapter CNPS

Patrick M. Eggleston, Ph.D.
Department of Biology
Keene State College
Keene, New Hampshire

John F. Elder, Ph.D.
Aquatic Ecologist (Retired)
U.S. Geological Survey
Corvallis, Oregon

Elise Elliott-Smith, M.S.
Wildlife Biologist
Corvallis, Oregon

Michelle Elmore
M.S. Student, Botany
University of Hawaii-Manoa
Honolulu, Hawaii



John M. Emlen
Research Ecologist Western Fisheries Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Seattle, Washington

Eve Emshwiller, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor of Botany
University of Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin

William R. Engels, Ph.D.
Professor, Genetics
University of Wisconsin - Madison
Madison, Wisconsin

J.H. Epler, Ph.D.
Aquatic Entomologist
Crawfordville, Florida

Christopher W. Evans
College of Natural Sciences
Hawaii Pacific University
Kaneohe, Hawaii

Jonathan P. Evans, Ph.D.
Director, Landscape Analysis Laboratory
Associate Professor, Biology
University of the South
Sewanee, Tennessee

Margaret Evans, Ph.D.
Donnelley Fellow
Department of Ecology and
Evolutionary Biology
Yale University
New Haven, Connecticut

Douglas Eveleigh, Ph.D.
Biochemistry and Microbiology
Cook College, Rutgers
New Brunswick, New Jersey

Christopher Farmer, Ph.D.
North American Monitoring Coordinator
Hawk Mountain Sanctuary
Kempton, Pennsylvania

Laura Farrell
Ph.D. student, Biology
University of Vermont
Burlington, Vermont


Mary Ferm
Masters, School of Natural Resources
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
Bainbridge Island, Washington

Melissa K. Fierke, Ph.D.
Forest Entomology
University of Arkansas
Fayetteville, Arkansas

Paul Fine
Assistant Professor
Department of Ecology and
Evolutionary Biology
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan

Mark Fiorini
Fisheries Management, Natural Sciences
President, Maiden Creek Watershed Association
Kempton, Pennsylvania

Thomas L. Fleischner, Ph.D.
Professor, Environmental Studies
Prescott College
Prescott, Arizona

Erica Fleishman, Ph.D.
National Center for
Ecological Analysis and Synthesis
Santa Barbara, California

Erica Fleishman, Ph.D.
Senior Research Scientist
Department of Biological Sciences
Stanford University
Stanford, California

R. Wills Flowers, Ph.D.
Center for Biological Control
Florida A&M University
Tallahassee, Florida

George W. Folkerts, Ph.D.
Wetland Biology, Aquatic Insects,
Herpetology, Natural History
Professor, Biological Sciences
Auburn University
Auburn, Alabama




Joseph Fortier, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor of Biology
Entomologist
Saint Louis University
Saint Louis, Missouri

Elizabeth A. Forys, Ph.D
Professor of Environmental Science and Biology Eckerd College
St. Petersburg, Florida

Brian Foster, Ph.D.
CRES, Zoological Society of San Diego
El Cajon, California

CJ Fotheringham, M.S.
Fire Ecologist
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
University of California, Los Angeles
Los Angeles, California

David M. Fox
M.S. Wildlife
Louisiana State University
Department of Renewable
Natural Resources
Baton Rouge, Louisiana

G.J. Franz, M.S., M.A.
Former Professor Ecology/Biology
Long Island University
New York, New York

Mary Frazer, M.E.M.
Environmental Specialist
North Carolina State Government
Raleigh, North Carolina

Lee E. Frelich, Ph.D.
Forest Ecologist
University of Minnesota
St. Paul, Minnesota

Terrence J. Frest, Ph.D.
Malacologist
Seattle, Washington

Chris Frissell, Ph.D.
Senior Staff Scientist
The Pacific Rivers Council
Polson, Montana


Karen P. Frutchey, M.S.
Resource Management Specialist Five
JIMAR
University of Hawaii
Honolulu, Hawaii

Jed Fuhrman, Ph.D.
McCulloch-Crosby Chair of Marine Biology University of Southern California
Los Angeles, California

Alder Fuller, Ph.D.
Ecology/Evolution
Euglena Edu/ProtoTista
Eugene, Oregon

Cyn Gabriel
Native Plant Steward
Washington Native Plant Society
Seattle, Washington

Kristin Gade
Ph.D. Candidate
IGERT Urban Ecology Fellow
School of Life Sciences
Arizona State University
Tempe, Arizona

George J. Gamboa, Ph.D.
Professor of Biology
Oakland University
Rochester, Michigan

Timothy J. Gaudin, Ph.D.
UC Foundation Professor and Acting Head
Department of Biological and
Environmental Sciences
University of Tennessee at Chattanooga
Chattanooga, Tennessee

Thomas M. Gehring, Ph.D.
Department of Biology
Central Michigan University
Mount Pleasant, Michigan

Donald Geiger, S.M., Ph.D.
Department of Biology
University of Dayton
Dayton, Ohio





Vanessa Brooks Genovese
Research Scientist
Division of Science and Environmental Policy
California State University, Monterey Bay
Seaside, California

Bob Gillespie, Ph.D.
Science Faculty
Wenatchee Valley College-Omak
Omak, Washington

Frank S. Gilliam, Ph.D.
Plant Ecologist
Department of Biological Sciences
Marshall University
Huntington, West Virginia

Rosanna Giordano, Ph.D.
Department of Plant and Soil Science
University of Vermont
Burlington, Vermont

Travis C. Glenn, Ph.D.
Molecular Ecologist
Savannah River Ecology Laboratory
Universities of Georgia and South Carolina
Aiken, South Carolina

Michale Glennon, Ph.D.
Associate Conservation Scientist
Wildlife Conservation Society's
Adirondack Communities and
Conservation Program
Saranac Lake, New York

Robert C. Glotzhober
Curator, Natural History
Ohio Historical Society
Columbus, Ohio

Karen Goetz, M.S.
Conservation Biology (Amphibian Ecology)
San Francisco State University
San Francisco, California

Enrique Gomezdelcampo, Ph.D.
Hydrologist
Center for Environmental Programs
Bowling Green State University
Bowling Green, Ohio




David L. Gorchov, Ph.D.
Associate Professor
Department of Botany
Miami University
Oxford, Ohio

Steven Green, Ph.D.
Professor, Biology
University of Miami
Coral Gables, Florida

Gary K. Greer, Ph.D.
Associate Editor, American Fern Journal
Biology Department
Grand Valley State University
Allendale, Michigan

Carole S. Griffiths, Ph.D.
Professor, Biology
Long Island University
Brooklyn, New York

Jon Grinnell
FM Uhler Chair in Biology
Gustavus Adolphus College
St. Peter, Minnesota

Betty J. Grizzle, D.Env.
Wetland Scientist
Everglades Foundation
Palmetto Bay, Florida

Thurman L. Grove, Ph.D.
Professor, Zoology
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, North Carolina

Daniel S. Gruner
Postdoctoral Scholar
Bodega Marine Lab
University of California, Davis
Bodega Bay, California

John S. Gunn, Ph.D.
Forest Ecologist
The Trust to Conserve Northeast Forestlands
Hebron, Maine

James Haas, Ph.D.
Ecologist
Sacramento, California



Erin Hagen
Wildlife Biologist
College of Forest Resources
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington

Judy Haggard
Wildlife Biologist
Haggard Wildlife Consulting
Fieldbrook, California

Stacey Halpern, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor
Biology Department
Pacific University
Forest Grove, Oregon

Richard W. Halsey, M.A.
Director/Fire Ecology
California Chaparral Field Institute
Escondido, California

Steven Hamburg, Ph.D.
Ittleson Associate Professor of
Environmental Studies
Forest Ecologist
Brown University
Providence, Rhode Island

Michael Hamilton, Ph.D.
Director, James San Jacinto Mountains Reserve
University of California, Riverside
Idyllwild, California

Alexander H. Harcourt, Ph.D.
Professor, Graduate Group in Ecology and Department of Anthropology
University of California
Davis, California

James A. Harding, Ph.D.
Associate Professor of Recreation and Natural Resource Management
Green Mountain College
Poultney, Vermont

Annita Harlan, Ph.D.
Adjunct Instructor
Department of Ecology and
Evolutionary Biology
The University of Arizona
Tucson, Arizona

Marilyn M. Harlin, Ph.D.
Professor Emerita, Botany
University of Rhode Island
Portland, Oregon

David D. Hart, Ph.D.
Director and Professor
Senator George J. Mitchell Center for Environmental and Watershed Research University of Maine
Orono, Maine

Donna Hart, Ph.D.
Department of Anthropology
University of Missouri - St. Louis
St. Louis, Missouri

John Harte, Ph.D.
Professor
Energy and Resources Group
University of California
Berkeley, California

Mary Ellen Harte, Ph. D.
Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory
Crested Butte, Colorado

David Hastings, Ph.D.
Associate Professor
Eckerd College
St Petersburg, Florida

Skippy Hau
Aquatic Biologist
Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources
Wailuku, Maui, Hawaii

Rain L. Healer
Biology Teaching Associate
California State University, Fresno
Fresno, California

Rosanne Healy
Research Associate
Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa

Robert T. Heath, Ph.D.
Professor of Biological Sciences
Director, Water Resources Research Institute
Kent State University
Kent, Ohio


Brooke Parry Hecht, Ph.D.
Ecosystem Ecology
Scholar, Center for Humans and Nature
Chicago, Illinois

Mark Heifner
Ecologist
Southwestern Ecological Services
Denver, Colorado

Alex L. Heindl
Curator of Herpetology
Marjorie Barrick Museum of Natural History
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
Las Vegas, Nevada

Ken R. Helms, Ph.D.
Research Assistant Professor of Biology
Department of Biology
University of Vermont
Burlington, Vermont

Peggy S. M. Hill, Ph.D.
Associate Professor, Biological Science
University of Tulsa
Tulsa, Oklahoma

Bill Hilton Jr., M.A.T., M.S.
Executive Director
Hilton Pond Center for
Piedmont Natural History
York, South Carolina

Gregory Hoffman
Fishery Biologist
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Libby, Montana

Richard T. Holmes, Ph.D.
Harris Professor of Environmental Biology Emeritus
Dartmouth College
Hanover, New Hampshire

Debora R. Holmes
Managing Editor, Environmental Practice, Journal of the National Association of Environmental Professionals
Olympia, Washington




Marcel Holyoak, Ph.D.
Professor
Department of Environmental
Science and Policy
University of California
Davis, California

Michael H. Horn, Ph.D.
Professor, Biological Science
California State University
Fullerton, California

Thomas R. Horton, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor, Mycorrhizal Ecology
State University of New York
College of Environmental Science and Forestry
Syracuse, New York

G.F. Hrusa, Ph.D.
Senior Plant Taxonomist
California Department of Food and Agriculture
Sacramento, California

Robert Huber, Ph.D.
Associate Professor, Biological Sciences
Bowling Green State University
Bowling Green, Ohio

Ron Hubert
Project Director
Sustainable Communities Research Project
Center for Sustainable Environments
Northern Arizona University
Flagstaff, Arizona

Russell Huddleston PWS
Wetlands Ecologist / Botanist
CH2MHILL

Jarvis E. Hudson, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor, Biology
Fayetteville State University
Fayetteville, North Carolina

Robert M. Hughes, Ph.D.
Research Associate Professor
Department of Fisheries and Wildlife
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon

Malcolm Hunter
Libra Professor of Conservation Biology University of Maine
Orono, Maine

Richard Hutto, Ph.D.
Professor and Director
Avian Science Center
Division of Biological Sciences
University of Montana
Missoula, Montana

Daria Hyde
Associate Conservation Planner
Michigan Natural Features Inventory
Lansing, Michigan

G. J. Ikenberry, Ph.D.
Biology Professor (Retired)
McPherson College
McPherson, Kansas

David K. Imper
Ecologist
US Fish and Wildlife Service
Arcata, California

Timothy Ingalsbee, Ph.D.
Fire Sociologist
University of Oregon
Eugene, Oregon

Haruhiko Itagaki, Ph.D.
Professor, Biology
Kenyon College
Gambier, Ohio

Jerome A. Jackson
Professor of Biology
Florida Gulf Coast University
Fort Myers, Florida

Daniel H. Janzen, Ph.D.
Dimaura Professor of Conservation Biology
Department of Biology
University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Douglas L. Jeffries, Ph.D.
Plant Ecologist
Professor of Biology and Environmental Studies
University of the Ozarks
Clarksville, Arkansas

David G. Jenkins, Ph.D.
Associate Professor, Biology
University of Central Florida
Orlando, Florida

Kurt J. Jirka
Senior Aquatic Biologist
Ichthyological Associates, Inc.
Ithaca, New York

Bart R. Johnson, Ph.D.
Associate Professor, Landscape Architecture and Environmental Studies Program
University of Oregon
Eugene, Oregon

Rebecca Johnson
Center for Environmental Research and Conservation
Columbia University
New York, New York

Kyle Joly, M.S.
Ecology
Wildlife Biologist
Fairbanks, Alaska

Laura E. Jones, Ph.D.
Research Associate, Theoretical Ecology
Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York

Timmothy Kaminski
Wildlife ecologist
Mountain Livestock Cooperative
Augusta, Montana

James R. Karr, Ph.D.
Professor, Aquatics Sciences and Biology
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington

Nancy E. Karraker
Ph.D. Candidate, EPA Fellow
State University of New York
College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse, New York

Sterling C. Keeley, Ph.D.
Professor
Department of Botany
University of Hawaii at Manoa
Honolulu, Hawaii



Barbara A. Knuth, Ph.D.
Professor and Chair
Department of Natural Resources
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York

Walter D. Koenig, Ph.D.
Research Zoologist
University of California, Berkeley
Carmel Valley, California

Sally Gregory Kohlstedt, Ph.D.
Professor, History of Science (including Environmental Sciences)
School of Geology and Geophysics
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota

Loraine U. Kohorn, Ph.D.
Plant Ecologist
Brunswick, Maine

Julie E. Korb, Ph.D.
Department of Biology
Fort Lewis College
Durango, Colorado

Andrew Kota, M.S.
Forestry-Utah State University
Stewardship and Protection Associate
Foothills Conservancy of North Carolina
Morganton, North Carolina

Laurie Koteen, M.S.
Ecologist
University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley, California

Adrienne Kovach, Ph.D.
Research Assistant Professor
Department of Natural Resources
University of New Hampshire
Durham, New Hampshire

Sarah Kraszewski, M.S.
Restoration Ecologist
Madison, Wisconsin

Fred Kraus, Ph.D.
Department of Natural Sciences
Bishop Museum
Honolulu, Hawaii


Shawn Kuchta, Ph.D.
Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology
Earth and Marine Sciences
University of California, Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz, California

Christa Kugler
Wild Animal Keeper
Bronx Zoo, Wildlife Conservation Society
New York, New York

Melinda Laituri, Ph.D.
Geographer
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado

Rick Landenberger, Ph.D.
Research Assistant Professor
Department of Geology and Geography
West Virginia University
Morgantown, West Virginia

Sarah Lauerman
M.S. Candidate, Wildlife and Fisheries Biology
Clemson University
Clemson, South Carolina

Charles Laun, B.S., M.S.
Forestry, Ecology, Forest Ecology, Climatology
Professor of Ecology (Retired)
Columbia, Missouri

Patrick Leacock, Ph.D.
Adjunct Curator, Mycology
Field Museum of Natural History
Chicago, Illinois

David S. Lee
Curator of Birds (Retired)
North Carolina State Museum
Raleigh, North Carolina
Director, The Tortoise Reserve
White Lake, North Carolina

Derek E. Lee, M.S.
Fire Ecologist
Petaluma, California

Carol J. Leonard, M.S.
Instructor, Marine Sciences
Charlotte County Public Schools
Englewood, Florida


Christopher A. Lepczyk, Ph.D.
Honorary Fellow
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Madison, Wisconsin

Mark K. Lesher, M.S.
Environmental Scientist
U.S. EPA
Kansas City, Kansas

Susan G. Letcher
Doctoral Candidate in Ecology
University of Connecticut
Storrs, Connecticut

Simon Levin, Ph.D.
Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
Princeton University
Princeton, New Jersey

Joyce N. Levine, PhD, AICP
Urban and Regional Planning
Florida Atlantic University
Ft. Lauderdale, Florida

William Z. Lidicker, Jr., Ph.D.
Professor Emeritus, Integrative Biology
University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley, California

Patrick Lieske, M.S.
Wildlife Biologist
Brookings, Oregon
Gene E. Likens, Ph.D.
Millbrook, NY
Creighton M. Litton, Ph.D.
Research Faculty, Ecosystem Ecology
California State University Fullerton
Fullerton, California

Dale R. Lockwood, Ph.D.
Postdoctoral Fellow
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado

John P. Loegering, Ph.D.
Associate Professor of Wildlife Ecology
University of Minnesota
Crookston, Minnesota


Brian Logan, M.S.
Wildlife Biologist
Bozeman, Montana

Frank T. Logiudice, M.S.
Undergraduate Program Coordinator
Department of Biology
University of Central Florida
Orlando, Florida

Kathleen LoGiudice, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor
Department of Biological Sciences
Union College
Schenectady, New York

Marilyn D. Loveless, Ph.D.
Population Ecologist
Professor, Biology
College of Wooster
Wooster, Ohio

Irmgard Lukanik
Masters Student
Department of Biology
University of South Florida
Tampa, Florida

Bruce Lyon, Ph.D.
Associate Professor
University of California, Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz, California

William Mackay, Ph. D.
Desert Ecologist
Professor
University of Texas
El Paso, Texas

Jason MacKenzie, Ph.D.
Post-Doc, Rainforest Ecology and Evolution Museum of Vertebrate Zoology
University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley, California

Julie Maier, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor, Science
University of Alaska
Fairbanks, Alaska




Martin B. Main, Ph.D.
Associate Professor and Wildlife Ecologist
Program Leader, Florida Master Naturalist Program
University of Florida
Immokalee, Florida

Julin Maloof, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor, Plant Biology
University of California, Davis
Davis, California

Marion Mann
Fishery Biologist
Hatfield Marine Science Center
Newport, Oregon

Barton C. Marcy, Jr.
Senior Fellow Scientist-Ichthyologist (Retired)
Aiken, South Carolina

Janet Marsden
Assistant Professor
Canino School of Engineering
SUNY Canton
Canton, New York

Robert E. Marra, Ph.D.
Plant Pathology and Ecology
The Connecticut Agricultural
Experiment Station
New Haven, Connecticut

Laura Marx, Ph.D.
Forest Ecologist
Westfield, Massachusetts

John M. Marzluff, Ph.D.
Denman Professor of
Sustainable Resource Science
Professor of Wildlife Science
College of Forest Resources
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington

Glenn Matlack, Ph.D.
Environmental and Plant Biology
Ohio University
Athens, Ohio





Brady J. Mattsson, Ph.D.
Avian Ecologist
Warnell School of Forestry and
Natural Resources
University of Georgia
Athens, Georgia

William W. Mautz, Ph.D.
Professor, Natural Resources
University of New Hampshire
Durham, New Hampshire
Declan McCabe, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor of Biology
Saint Michael’s College
Colchester, Vermont
Keith R. McCaffery
Northern Forest Research Biologist
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
Rhinelander, Wisconsin

Brian McCarthy, Ph.D.
Forest Ecologist
Ohio University
Athens, Ohio

Charles A. McClaugherty, Ph.D.
Professor, Ecology and Environmental Science
Mount Union College
Alliance, Ohio

Brent H. McCown
Gottschalk Distinguished Professor,
Horticulture
Nelson Institute of Environmental Sciences Director, Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems (CIAS)
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Madison, Wisconsin

Dale A. McCullough, Ph.D.
Senior Fishery Scientist
Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission Portland, Oregon

Allison S. McDaniel
Biologist
Frederick, Maryland




Mara A. McDonald, Ph.D.
Administrator, Evolution Initiative
Assistant Administrator, Genetics
University of Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin

William H. McDowell, Ph.D.
Professor, Water Resources Management
Director, NH Water Resources Research Center
University of New Hampshire
Durham, New Hampshire

Amy B. McEuen, Ph.D.
Forest Ecologist
Assistant Professor, Biology
University of Illinois
Springfield, Illinois

Daniel J. McGarvey
Ph.D. Candidate
Department of Biological Sciences
Aquatic Biology Program
University of Alabama
Tuscaloosa, Alabama

Patrick McGuire, Ph.D.
Director
Genetic Resources Conservation Program
University of California
Davis, California

Julie McIntyre
Ecology Ph.D. Student
University of New Mexico
Albuquerque, New Mexico

Melissa McKay, M.S.
Lynnwood, Washington

William O. McLarney, Ph.D.
Director, Upper Little Tennessee Watershed Biomonitoring Program
Little Tennessee Watershed Association
Franklin, North Carolina

K. W. McLeod, Ph.D.
Associate Ecologist, Emeritus
Savannah River Ecology Laboratory
University of Georgia
Aiken, South Carolina

Jack D. McMillen, Ph.D.
Washington Natural Heritage Program
Olympia, Washington
Scott McNaught, Ph.D.
Associate Professor of Biology
Central Michigan University
Mount Pleasant, Michigan

Michael J. Medler, Ph.D.
Department of Environmental Studies
Huxley College
Western Washington University
Bellingham, Washington

Rebecca P. Meegan
Wildlife Biologist
Coastal Plains Institute and Land Conservancy
Tallahassee, Florida

Robert J. Meese, Ph.D.
Staff Research Associate IV
Department of Environmental Science & Policy University of California
Davis, California

Gary K. Meffe, Ph.D.
Editor Conservation Biology
Department of Wildlife Ecology & Conservation
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida

Sergio Merino
Forest Ecologist/Biologist
Lafayette, Louisiana

Robert W. Merriam, Ph.D.
Biological Science
Retired SUNY
Stony Brook Invasive Species Specialist
North Carolina Chapter, The Nature Conservancy 1995-2000

J.P. Michaud, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor of Entomology
Kansas State University
Agricultural Research Center-Hays
Hays, Kansas

Anne Millhollen, Ph.D.
Biologist/Anthropologist
University of Oregon
Eugene, Oregon

Andrew G. Milroy
Natural Resources Manager
West Springfield, Massachusetts

Arlee Montalvo, Ph.D.
Plant Restoration Ecologist and
Population Biologist
Resource Conservation District and
University of California
Riverside, California

Richard R. Montanucci, Ph.D.
Systematic Herpetologist and Ecologist
Associate Professor, Biological Sciences
Clemson University
Clemson, South Carolina

Randall Moorman, MEM
Ph.D. Student
Department of Botany
University of Hawai’i
Honolulu, Hawaii

Peter B. Moyle, Ph.D.
Professor, Fisheries Biology
Department of Wildlife, Fish, and
Conservation Biology
University of California, Davis
Davis, California

Rob Mrowka, M.S.
Forest Ecology
Manager, Environmental Planning Division
Las Vegas, Nevada

Christa P.H. Mulder, Ph.D.
Associate Professor of Ecology
University of Alaska Fairbanks
Fairbanks, Alaska

Dennis D. Murphy, Ph.D.
Professor, Biology University of Nevada Reno, Nevada

K. Greg Murray, Ph.D.
Professor of Biology
Hope College
Holland, Michigan

Michael P. Murray, Ph.D.
Fire Ecologist
Wildlands Management Institute
Crater Lake, Oregon




Philip Myers, Ph.D.
Associate Curator of Mammals
Associate Professor, Ecology and
Evolutionary Biology
University of Michigan
Museum of Zoology
Ann Arbor, Michigan

Dhruba Naug, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor, Biology
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado

Mark Neff, M.S.
Ph.D. Student
School of Life Sciences
Arizona State University

Dr. C. Riley Nelson
Professor, Integrative Biology
Brigham Young University
Provo, Utah

Cheryl Nenn, M.S.
Milwaukee Riverkeeper
Friends of Milwaukee’s Rivers
Milwaukee, Wisconsin

William D. Newmark, Ph.D.
Research Curator
Utah Museum of Natural History
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, Utah

Barry R. Noon, Ph.D.
Department of Fish, Wildlife, and
Conservation Biology
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado

Elaine Norman, Ph.D.
Stetson University
DeLand, Florida

Elliott A. Norse, Ph.D.
President
Marine Conservation Biology Institute
Bellevue, Washington

Gretchen North, Ph.D.
Department of Biology
Occidental College
Los Angeles, California


Reed Noss, Ph.D.
Professor, Conservation Biology
University of Central Florida
Orlando, Florida

Gary Nuechterlein, Ph.D.
Professor
Department of Biology
North Dakota State Univesity
Fargo, North Dakota

Mary O'Brien, Ph.D.
Botanist/Ecologist
Grand Canyon Trust
Eugene, Oregon

Kevin O'Connor
M.S. Student, Fish Ecology Lab
San Diego State University
San Diego, California

Kathleen O'Reilly, Ph.D.
Associate Professor, Biology
University of Portland
Portland, Oregon

Dennis C. Odion, Ph.D.
Vegetation Ecologist
University of California, Santa Barbara
Santa Barbara, California and
Southern Oregon University
Ashland, Oregon

Erin O'Doherty, Ph.D.
Ecologist
Laramie, Wyoming

Richard R. Old, Ph.D.
Weed Identification Specialist
XID Services
Pullman, Washington

Guy W. Oliver, Ph.D.
Research Associate
Institute of Marine Science
University of California, Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz, California

Gordon H. Orians, Ph.D.
Professor Emeritus of Biology
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington


Marilyn Ortt
Field Botanist (Retired)
Ohio Department of Natural Resources
Marietta, Ohio

John A. Osborne, Ph.D.
Professor, Limnology
Department of Biology
University of Central Florida
Orlando, Florida

Richard S. Ostfeld, Ph.D.
Senior Scientist
Institute of Ecosystem Studies
Millbrook, New York

Andrea Ouse, M.S.
Adjunct Faculty
Maricopa County Community Colleges and
Northern Arizona University
New River, Arizona

Kimberly A. O. Pacheco, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor of Chemistry
School of Chemistry,
Earth Sciences, and Physics
University of Northern Colorado
Greeley, Colorado

Joel E. Pagel, Ph.D.
Research Associate
Santa Cruz Predatory Bird Research Group
Ashland, Oregon

Francis H. Palmer, D.Env
Environmental Scientist-Water Quality
Sacramento, California

Lydia C. Pan, Ph.D.
Senior Principal Scientist
Pfizer Global Research and Development
Groton, Connecticut

Michael Parke, Ph.D.
Research Biologist
University of Hawaii
Honolulu, Hawaii

Michael S. Parker, Ph.D.
Professor, Biology
Southern Oregon University
Ashland, Oregon


David F. Parkhurst, Ph.D.
Botany (Plant Ecology)
Professor Emeritus of Environmental Science Indiana University
Bloomington, Indiana

David R. Parsons
Wildlife Biologist
The Rewilding Institute
Albuquerque, New Mexico

Arthur Dean Partridge, Ph.D.
Professor Emeritus, Forest Disease and
Insect Ecology
College of Forestry, Wildlife & Range Sciences
University of Idaho
Moscow, Idaho

Carol Joan Patterson
Graduate student, Biological Sciences University of Arkansas
Fayetteville, Arkansas

Gustav Paulay, Ph.D.
Associate Professor
Florida Museum of Natural History
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida

Timothy A. Pearce, Ph.D.
Assistant Curator and Head, Section of Mollusks
Carnegie Museum of Natural History
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

James L. Pease, Ph.D.
Department of Natural Resource
Ecology and Management
Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa

J. Akers Pence, Ph.D.
Research Lepidopterist
State Coordinator, Florida Butterfly Monitoring Network
McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity
Florida Museum of Natural History
Gainesville, Florida

David Perry, Ph.D.
Ecosystem Studies and Management
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon

Joy B. Perry
Lecturer, Biological Sciences
University of Wisconsin-Fox Valley
Menasha, Wisconsin

Kimberly A. Peters, Ph.D.
Director of Research and Monitoring
Cape May Bird Observatory
New Jersey Audubon
Cape May Court House, New Jersey

Jeff Phillips, MESM, CA REA II
Wildlife Biologist
Santa Barbara, CA

Carlos F. A. Pinkham, Ph.D.
Environmental Biologist
Biology Department
Norwich University
Northfield, Vermont

Jay Pitocchelli, Ph.D.
Professor, Biology
Saint Anselm College
Manchester, New Hampshire

J. Dan Pittillo, Ph.D.
Biology Professor (Retired)
Western Carolina University
Cullowhee, North Carolina

Mechthild Pohlschroder, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor, Biology
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Ellen Popodi, Ph.D.
Assistant Scientist, Biology
Indiana University
Bloomington, Indiana

Jacquelyn Potter
Illinois Natural History Survey
Champaign, Illinois

H. Douglas Pratt
Research Curator of Birds
North Carolina State Museum of
Natural Sciences
Raleigh, North Carolina



Jennifer E. Price, Ph.D.
Biologist
South Carolina Department of
Natural Resources
Fisheries Research Section
Eastover, South Carolina

James J. Provenzano
President
Clean Air Now
Los Angeles, California

Anne Pusey, Ph.D.
McKnight Distinguished University Professor
Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior
University of Minnesota
St. Paul, Minnesota

Robert Michael Pyle, Ph.D.
Lepidopterist/Author
Grays River, Washington

G. S. Rahi, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor, Natural Sciences
Fayetteville State University
Fayetteville, North Carolina

Jan A. Randall, Ph.D.
Professor Emerita of Biology
San Francisco State University
San Francisco, California

Lisa Rapaport
Behavioral Ecologist
Department of Biological Sciences
Clemson University
Clemson, South Carolina

Brenda Rashleigh, Ph.D.
Aquatic Ecologist
Athens, Georgia

Margaret K. Reed
Environmental Resource Specialist
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Omaha, Nebraska

Sarah Reed
M.S. Student, Environmental Science and Policy Northern Arizona University
Flagstaff, Arizona



Jessica Reichmuth
Ph.D. Candidate
Department of Biological Sciences
Rutgers University
Newark, New Jersey

Richard J. Reiner, Ph.D.
Senior Ecologist
The Nature Conservancy
Chico, California

Karl J. Reinhard, Ph.D.
Professor, School of Natural Resources
Fulbright Scholar
University of Nebraska
Lincoln, Nebraska

Bradford G. Rence, Ph.D.
Entomologist
Professor and Chair of Biology
Lawrence University
Appleton, Wisconsin

Ann F. Rhoads, Ph.D.
Senior Botanist, Pennsylvania Flora Project
Morris Arboretum of the
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Jon Rhodes
Hydrologist
Portland, Oregon

Cecil F. Rich, Ph.D.
Aquatic Ecologist
Anchorage, Alaska

David I. Richard, Ph.D.
Professor, Biology
Rollins College
Winter Park, Florida

Lisa Richardson-Calfee, Ph.D.
Department of Biology
Queens University of Charlotte
Charlotte, North Carolina

Dan L. Richter, Ph.D.
Forest Pathologist
Michigan Technological University
Houghton, Michigan



Brett R. Riddle, Ph.D.
Professor of Biology
President, International Biogeography Society
School of Life Sciences
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
Las Vegas, Nevada

Jennifer Riddell
Graduate Student, Plant Biology
EPA Fellow
School of Life Sciences Graduate Programs Arizona State University
Tempe, Arizona

Catherine Riseng, Ph.D.
Research Associate II
School of Natural Resources and Environment
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan

Bruce H. Rittenhouse
Manager of Conservation Programs
Center for Plant Conservation
Missouri Botanical Garden
St. Louis, Missouri

David W. Roberts, Ph.D.
Professor and Head
Department of Ecology
Montana State University
Bozeman, Montana

Oscar J. Rocha
Assistant Professor, Biological Sciences
Kent State University
Kent, Ohio

Carlton L. Rockett, Ph.D.
Professor, Biological Sciences
Bowling Green State University
Bowling Green, Ohio

Gary W. Roemer, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor
Department of Fishery and Wildlife Sciences
New Mexico State University
Las Cruces, New Mexico

William Rogers, Ph.D.
Professor of Biology
Winthrop University
Rock Hill, South Carolina


Sievert Rohwer, Ph.D.
Curator of Birds
Burke Museum
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington

Thomas P. Rooney, Ph.D.
Forest Ecologist
Department of Botany
University of Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin

Stephen T. Ross, Ph.D.
Eco-Consulting Services, LLC
Pagosa Springs, Colorado
Curator Emeritus of Fishes
Museum of Southwestern Biology
University of New Mexico
Albuquerque, New Mexico

Peter Reagel
Ph.D. Student
Department of Entomology
University of Illinois
Urbana-Champaign

Janice Reid
Wildlife Biologist
USFS
Roseburg, Oregon

John T. Rotenberry, Ph.D.
Professor, Biology
University of California
Riverside, California

Steve Rothenberger, Ph.D.
Professor, Biology
University of Nebraska at Kearney
Kearney, Nebraska

Betsie B. Rothermel, Ph.D.
Assistant Research Scientist
University of Georgia
Aiken, South Carolina

Stephen I. Rothstein, Ph.D.
Professor of Zoology
Department of Ecology, Evolution and
Marine Biology
University of California, Santa Barbara
Santa Barbara, California


Leanne H. Roulson, M.S.
Fisheries Biologist
Bozeman, Montana

Barbara A. ("Bitty") Roy, Ph.D.
Associate Professor, Ecology
University of Oregon
Eugene, Oregon

Suzanne M. Royer, Ph.D.
Senior Research Associate
Department of Biology
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado

Matthew Rubino
Conservation Biologist/GIS Analyst
SE-GAP/Biodiversity and
Spatial Information Center
Department of Zoology
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, North Carolina

Deborah D. Rudis
Wildlife Biologist
US Fish and Wildlife Service
Juneau, Alaska

Cristina Rumbaitis del Rio, Ph.D.
Research Fellow
Columbia University Earth Institute
New York, New York

James Runkle, Ph.D.
Professor, Biological Sciences
Wright State University
Dayton, Ohio

Sam Rushforth, Ph.D.
Professional Ecologist and
Dean of Science and Health
Utah Valley State College
Orem, Utah

James R. Ruzycki, Ph.D.
Adjunct Professor, Fisheries and Wildlife
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon

Emily Saarinen
Ph.D. Candidate
Department of Entomology and Nematology
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida
Thalia Sachtleben, M.S.
Managing Editor, The Condor
High Desert Ecological Research Institute
Bend, Oregon

Carl Safina, Ph.D.
President
Blue Ocean Institute
Cold Spring Harbor, New York

D. Scott Samuels, Ph.D.
Associate Professor, Biology
University of Montana
Missoula, Montana

Sahotra Sarkar, Ph.D.
Professor of Integrative Biology
University of Texas
Austin, Texas

Raymond A. Saumure, Ph.D.
Wildlife Biologist
The Springs Preserve
Las Vegas, Nevada

N. Elizabeth Saunders, M.S.
Department of Plant Biology
Southern Illinois University
Carbondale, Illinois

Melissa Savage, Ph.D.
Emerita Associate Professor, Geography
University of California, Los Angeles
Los Angeles, California

John F. Schalles, Ph.D.
Professor of Biology
Director of the Environmental Science Program
Creighton University
Omaha, Nebraska

Tracy Scheinkman, M.S.
Genetics (specialty Wildlife Conservation) Adjunct Professor, Biology
Pima Community College
Tucson, Arizona

Joseph R. Schiller, Ph.D.
Aquatic Ecologist
Austin Peay State University
Clarksville, Tennessee



Andrew Schnabel, Ph.D.
Associate Professor, Evolution and Ecology
Indiana University South Bend
South Bend, Indiana

Tania Schoennagel, Ph.D.
Fire Scientist
University of Colorado
Boulder, Colorado

Robert L. Schooley, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor
Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences
University of Illinois
Urbana, Illinois

Krysten L. Schuler
Ph.D. Candidate
Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences
South Dakota State University
Brookings, South Dakota

Bronwyn Scott, M.S.
Invasive Species Ecologist
Ph.D. student, University of Washington
Adjunct Life Science Faculty, Bellevue Community College
Bellevue, Washington

Tim Seastedt, Ph.D.
Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
University of Colorado
Boulder, Colorado

Jack A. Seilheimer, Ph.D.
Professor of Biology (Limnologist)
Colorado State University-Pueblo
Pueblo, Colorado

Holmes Semken, Ph.D.
Department of Geoscience
University of Iowa
Iowa City, Iowa

Tara Seoane
M.S. Candidate
Biodiversity, Conservation, and Policy
SUNY University at Albany
Albany, New York

Bonita Shanafelt
Support Scientist
Forest Service, PNW Research Station
Wenatchee, Washington
Ruth G. Shaw, Ph.D.
Evolutionary geneticist
Professor
Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior
University of Minnesota
St. Paul, Minnesota

Kathleen L. Shea, Ph.D.
Professor of Biology
St. Olaf College
Northfield, Minnesota

Dennis K. Shiozawa
Aquatic Ecologist
Department of Integrative Biology
Brigham Young University
Provo, Utah

Brian R. Shmaefsky, Ph.D.
Professor of Biology and
Service Learning Coordinator
Kingwood College
Kingwood, Texas

George Sideris, Ph.D.
Biology Department
Long Island University
Brooklyn, New York

Barbara A. Siems
Ecologist, geologist
Retired University of Colorado Instructor

Miles R. Silman, Ph.D.
Forest Ecologist
Associate Professor, Biology
Wake Forest University
Winston-Salem, North Carolina

Tony Silvaggio, Ph.D.
Environmental Sociology
Department of Sociology
Humboldt State University
Arcata, California

Rebecca Simmons, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor
Department of Biology
University of North Dakota
Grand Forks, North Dakota




Jack W. Sites, Jr.
Maeser Professor of Integrative Biology
Curator of Herpetology
Brigham Young University
Provo, Utah

Kathy Skalbeck
Wildlife Biologist
Member of The Wildlife Society
Albuquerque, New Mexico

Carol Skinner, Ph.D.
Department of Biology
Edinboro University (Retired)
Consulting Scientist, Ecology, Ornithology; Geauga Park District; Holden Arboretum
Chesterland, Ohio

Diane E. Sklensky, Ph.D.
Professor, Biological Sciences
Le Moyne College
Syracuse, New York

Stephen A. Skrabal, Ph.D.
Associate Professor, Chemistry & Biochemistry
University of North Carolina, Wilmington
Wilmington, North Carolina

Shawn Smallwood, Ph.D.
Ecologist
Davis, California

Bryce E. Smith, Ph.D.
Botanist/Ecologist (Retired)
Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan

David L. Smith, Ph.D.
Associate Professor and Chair
Department of Biological Sciences
Le Moyne College
Syracuse, New York

Gerald Smith, Ph.D.
Professor Emeritus
Department of Ecology and
Evolutionary Biology
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan

Jennifer Smith, Ph.D.
National Center for Ecological Analysis
and Synthesis
University of California Santa Barbara
Santa Barbara, California
Preston Smith
Ph.D. Student, Environmental Sciences
Wright State University
Dayton, Ohio

Sherilyn G. F. Smith, Ph.D.
Associate Professor, Biological Sciences
Le Moyne College
Syracuse, New York

Erica Smithwick, Ph.D.
Ecosystem Ecologist/Fire Scientist
University of Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin

Paul Sneed, Ph.D.
Environmental Studies Core Faculty,
Graduate Programs
Prescott College
Prescott, Arizona

Anthony Snider, Ph.D.
North Carolina Coastal Reserve
UNCW Center for Marine Science
Wilmington, North Carolina

Eric B. Snyder, Ph.D.
Stream Ecologist
Assistant Professor, Biology
Grand Valley State University
Allendale, Michigan

Tex A. Sordahl, Ph.D.
Professor of Biology
Luther College
Decorah, Iowa

Candan Soykan
Graduate Student
School of Life Sciences
Arizona State University
Tempe, Arizona

John Sovell, M.S.
Zoology Team Leader and Invertebrate Zoologist, Colorado Natural Heritage Program College of Natural Resources
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado

Wayne D. Spencer, Ph.D.
Senior Conservation Biologist
Conservation Biology Institute
San Diego, California

Timothy P. Spira, Ph.D.
Plant Ecologist
Professor, Biological Sciences
Clemson University
Clemson, South Carolina

Stephen M. Spomer
Research Associate
Department of Entomology
University of Nebraska
Lincoln, Nebraska

James R. Spotila, Ph.D.
Betz Chair Professor of Environmental Science
Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology
Drexel University
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Peter B. Stacey, Ph.D.
Research Professor
Department of Biology
University of New Mexico
Albuquerque, New Mexico

Nathaniel Stafford
Ph.D. Candidate
Seagrass Gap Dynamics
University of South Florida
Tampa, Florida

Richard Steiner, Ph.D.
Professor
University of Alaska
Anchorage, Alaska.

Susan Stephens
Graduate Student, Environmental Geography/Water Resource Management
University of New Mexico
Albuquerque, New Mexico

Robert Stiles, Ph.D.
Ichthyologist
Department of Biology
Samford University
Birmingham, Alabama

Glenn R. Stewart, Ph.D.
Professor Emeritus
Zoology and Environmental Science
Biological Sciences Department
California State Polytechnic University, Pomona Pomona, California

Paul M. Stewart, Ph.D.
Professor of Environmental Sciences
Troy University
Troy, Alabama

Lacey Stokes
M.S. Candidate
Department of Forestry and Agriculture
Nacogdoches, Texas

Richard Strathmann, Ph.D.
Friday Harbor Laboratories
Friday Harbor, Washington

Lori J. Stratton
Environmental Toxicologist, Plant Physiologist, Former employee of the U.S. Forest Service
Aiken Research Station
Burlington, Vermont

James R. Strittholt, Ph.D.
Executive Director, Landscape Ecologist
Conservation Biology Institute
Corvallis, Oregon

Matthew Struckhoff
Ecologist
U.S. Geological Survey
Columbia, Missouri

Mel Sunquist, Ph.D.
Professor, Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida

Samuel S. Sweet, Ph.D.
Professor
Department of Ecology, Evolution and
Marine Biology
University of California
Santa Barbara, California

Michael C. Swift, Ph.D.
Aquatic Ecologist
Biology Department
St. Olaf College
Northfield, Minnesota

Adam Switalski, M.S.
Science Coordinator
Wildlands CPR
Missoula, Montana

William A. Szelistowski, Ph.D.
Associate Professor, Biology
Eckerd College
St. Petersburg, Florida

Robert Tafanelli, Ph.D.
Research Associate/Assistant Professor (Retired) Wildlife Sciences Department
New Mexico State University
Las Cruces, New Mexico

David Tallmon, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor of Biology
University of Alaska Southeast
Juneau, Alaska

David Winship Taylor, Ph.D.
Botanist
Professor and Head of Biology
Curator of the Herbarium
Indiana University Southeast
New Albany, Indiana

Douglas Tempel, M.S.
Wildlife Biologist
Big Bear Lake, California

Stephen T. Tettelbach, Ph.D.
Professor of Biology
C.W. Post Campus of Long Island University
Brookville, New York

Guy A. Thompson, Jr., Ph.D.
Professor Emeritus and
Former chairman, Department of Botany
University of Texas
Austin, Texas

Tamara Ticktin, Ph.D.
Botany Department
University of Hawaii at Manoa
Honolulu, Hawaii

Brian N. Tissot, Ph.D.
Associate Professor, Environmental Science
Washington State University Vancouver
Vancouver, Washington

Steve Todd
Habitat Biologist
Point No Point Treaty Council
Kingston, Washington


A. Spencer Tomb, Ph.D.
Plant Systematics and Evolution
Associate Professor, Biology
Kansas State University
Manhattan, Kansas

Gayle S. Tonkovich, M.S.
Botanist
Field Museum of Natural History
Chicago, Illinois

David W. Tonkyn, Ph.D.
Associate Professor, Biological Sciences
Clemson University
Clemson, South Carolina

Vicki Tripoli, Ph.D.
Center for Conservation Science and Policy National Science Advisory Board
Ashland, Oregon

Stephen C. Trombulak, Ph.D.
Professor, Biology and
Environmental Studies
Middlebury College
Middlebury, Vermont

William J. Trush, Ph.D.
Adjunct Professor, Fisheries
Humboldt State University
Arcata, California

Michael Tuma, M.S.
Wildlife Biologist
Sierra Madre, California

Robin Tyser, Ph.D.
Professor, Ecology
University of Wisconsin - La Crosse
La Crosse, Wisconsin

Michael Van Clef, Ph.D.
Ecological Solutions, LLC
Great Meadows, New Jersey

David Van Horn
Graduate Student
Department of Biology
University of New Mexico
Albuquerque, New Mexico




Thomas T. Veblen, Ph.D.
Professor, Geography
University of Colorado
Boulder, Colorado

Kristin Vessey, Ph. D.
Center for Environmental Programs (Retired)
Bowling Green State University
Bowling Green, Ohio

Adrienne Viosca
M.S. Forestry Candidate
Louisiana State University
Baton Rouge, Louisiana

Frank von Hippel, Ph.D.
Associate Professor, Aquatic Ecology
University of Alaska Anchorage
Anchorage, Alaska

Floyd Waddle, Ph.D.
Associate Professor
Fayetteville State University
Fayetteville, North Carolina

Robert O. Wagner, Ph.D.
Wildlife Ecologist
DeRidder, Louisiana

D. Alexander Wait, Ph.D.
Associate Professor, Biology
Missouri State University

Mashuri Waite
Graduate Student, Botany
University of Hawaii
Honolulu, Hawaii

Christine A. Walker
Marine Biologist
Half Moon Bay, California

Don Waller, Ph.D.
Forest Ecologist
Department of Botany
University of Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin

B. Michael Walton, Ph.D.
Director, Environmental Institute
Associate Professor, Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences
Cleveland State University
Cleveland, Ohio
Richard M. Walton
Professor of Physics (Retired)
Rocky Mountain College
Billings, Montana

Richard T. Ward, Ph.D.
Professor Emeritus of Alpine and
Forest Ecology
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado

James H. Warner, Ph.D.
Ecologist
Professor Emeritus, Biology
University of Wisconsin - La Crosse
La Crosse, Wisconsin

Peter Warner, M.A.
Ecology
Environmental Scientist
California Department of Parks and Recreation
Little River, California

Stephen Wathen
Ph.D. Candidate (disturbance ecology, plant community ecology, fire ecology) MS (forestry, natural resource management)
Ecology Graduate Group, or
natural resource management
University of California
Davis, California

Vicki Watson, Ph.D.
Professor and Watershed Ecologist
University of Montana
Missoula, Montana

Beth Wee, Ph.D.
Biologist
Tulane University
New Orleans, Louisiana

Judith S. Weis, Ph.D.
Professor or Biological Sciences
Rutgers University
Newark, New Jersey

Michael E. Welker
Research Scientist
Department of Biological Sciences
University of Alabama
Tuscaloosa, Alabama


Tom Wessels
Professor, Ecology
Antioch New England Graduate School
Keene, New Hampshire

Raymond R. White, Ph.D.
Biological and Health Sciences
De Anza College
Cupertino, California

Kathy Whiteman
Department of Biology
New Mexico State University
Las Cruces, New Mexico

Walter G. Whitford, Ph.D.
Professor Emeritus
New Mexico State University
Senior Research Ecologist Emeritus
New Mexico State University
Las Cruces, New Mexico

Kathleen Whitney
Wildlife Biologist
Ph.D. Candidate
Department of Ecology, Evolution and
Marine Biology
University of California, Santa Barbara
Santa Barbara, California

Sue Wick, Ph.D.
Department of Plant Biology and
Biology Program
University of Minnesota
St.Paul/Minneapolis, Minnesota

Gary J. Wiles, M.S.
Wildlife Biologist
Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Olympia, Washington

Cindy Deacon Williams
Fisheries Biologist
Headwaters
Ashland, Oregon

Elizabeth Williams, M.S.
Biologist, Water Pollution Control Division
Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation
Jackson, Tennessee

Jack E. Williams, Ph.D.
Chief Scientist
Trout Unlimited
Medford, Oregon

Marcus Williams
Ph.D. student studying evolutionary ecology
New Mexico State University
Las Cruces, NM

Scott Williamson, M.S.
Invasive Species Biologist
State of Hawaii
Department of Land and Natural Resources
Division of Forestry and Wildlife
Pearl City, Hawaii

Hope Woodward
Ph.D. Candidate
Department of Range, Wildlife, and
Fisheries Management
Texas Tech University
Lubbock, Texas

Jerry Woolpy, Ph.D.
Emeritus Professor of Biology
Earlham College
Richmond, Indiana

J. Timothy Wootton, Ph.D.
Professor
Department of Ecology and Evolution
The University of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois

Theresa L. Wusterbarth, M.S.
Ph.D. Candidate
Department of Biological Sciences
Northern Illinois University
DeKalb, Illinois

Ruth D. Yanai, Ph.D.
Associate Professor
SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry
Syracuse, New York

Thomas M. Yuill, Ph.D.
Professor Emeritus, Wildlife Ecology
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Madison, Wisconsin



*Affiliations listed for identification purposes only. Signatories as of August 1, 2006.

Selected references:


Beschta R. L., J. J. Rhodes, J. B. Kauffman, R. E. Gresswell, G. W. Minshall, J. R. Karr, D. A. Perry, F. R. Hauer, and C. A. Frissell. 2004. Postfire management on forested public lands of the western United States. Conservation Biology 18:957–967.

DellaSala, D. A., G. Nagle, R. Fairbanks, D. Odion, J. Williams, J. R. Karr, C. Frissell, and T. Ingalsbee. 2006. The facts and myths of post-fire management: a case study of the Biscuit fire, southwest Oregon. Unpublished Report, World Wildlife Fund, Klamath-Siskiyou Program, 116 Lithia Way, Ashland, Oregon.

Dombeck, M., J. E. Williams, and C. A. Wood. 2004. Wildfire policy and public lands: integrating scientific understanding with social concerns across landscapes. Conservation Biology 18:883-889.

Donato, D. C., J. B. Fontaine, J. L. Campbell, W. D. Robinson, J. B. Kauffman, and B. E. Law. 2006. Post-wildfire logging hinders regeneration and increases fire risk. Science 311:352.

Franklin, J. F., and J. Agee. 2003. Scientific issues and national forest fire policy: forging a science-based national forest fire policy. Issues in Science and Technology 20:59-66.

Karr, J. R., J. J. Rhodes, G. W. Minshall, F. R. Hauer, R. L. Beschta, C. A. Frissell, and D. A. Perry. 2004. The effects of postfire salvage logging on aquatic ecosystems in the American West. Bioscience 54:1029-1033.

Lindenmayer, D. B, D. R. Foster, J. F. Franklin, M. L. Hunter, R. F. Noss, F. A. Schmeigelow, and D. Perry. 2004. Salvage harvesting policies after natural disturbance. Science 303:1303.

Turner, M. G., W. H. Romme, and D. B. Tinker. 2003. Surprises and lessons from the 1998 Yellowstone Fires. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 1:351-358.